Stigma and Time

Stigma is constantly changing. It waxes and wanes throughout history, is experienced and perpetuated by humans who develop over their life course, and is tied to social statuses (like illnesses and identities) that are gained, change, or lost over people’s lives. Although stigma is inherently fluid, our research and interventions typically treat stigma as if it were fixed or stagnant. We have argued that better integrating time into stigma research can accelerate our understanding of how and when stigma harms health as well as our ability to intervene to address stigma and improve health. We focus on three timescales, including the historical context, human development, and stigma course.

Time - Nature Reviews Table 1

Keep a look out for our upcoming special issue time in Stigma and Health. And, read more about stigma and time in this paper:

Earnshaw, V. A., Watson, R. J., Eaton, L. A., Brousseau, N. M., Laurenceau, J. P., & Fox, A. B. (2022). Integrating time into stigma and health research. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(4), 236-247.

Mental health matters

Stigma and Mental Illness

There have been recent increases in mental health problems in the United States, especially among youth and young adults. Evidence suggests that stigma is a barrier to mental health treatment. Our lab is working on understanding how mental illness stigma develops, changes over time, and ultimately relates to mental health treatment.

MMT-SMS photo

Methadone Maintenance Treatment Stigma Mechanism Scale (MMT-SMS)

The MMT-SMS measures enacted stigma (experiences of discrimination from others in the past or present), anticipated stigma (expectations of experiencing discrimination from others in the future), and internalized stigma (endorsement and application of negative beliefs and feelings about people receiving methadone and applying them to the self) among people receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Enacted and anticipated stigma from family members, employers, and healthcare workers are measured. The scale may be adapted for persons experienced with other forms of medication-assisted therapy for opioid use disorders.

Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework

Health-related stigma frameworks typically focus on one health condition in isolation. This tendency encourages a siloed approach to research on health-related stigma, impeding comparisons across stigmatized conditions and research on innovations to reduce health-related stigma and improve health outcomes.

Mental Illness Stigma Framework

There has been a proliferation of research on mental illness stigma; however, lack of consistency and clarity in the conceptualization and measurement of mental illness stigma has limited the accumulation of scientific knowledge about mental illness stigma and its consequences.

Stigma and HIV

Much of our work aims to understand and address stigma and health inequities across the HIV prevention and treatment cascade.

chronic-illness

Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS)

The Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) measures anticipated stigma (expectations of experiencing discrimination from others in the future) among people living with chronic illnesses. The CIASS differentiates between three sources of stigma within three subscales: friends and family, work colleagues, and healthcare workers.

sexual-stigma-scale

Sexual Stigma Scale for Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Women

The Sexual Stigma Scale measures experiences of perceived stigma (awareness of negative attitudes toward one’s group) and enacted stigma (experiences of discrimination from others in the past or present) among lesbian, bisexual, and queer women.

stigma-and-substance-use-disorders

Substance Use Stigma Mechanisms Scale (SU-SMS)

The SU-SMS measures enacted stigma (experiences of discrimination from others in the past or present), anticipated stigma (expectations of experiencing discrimination from others in the future), and internalized stigma (endorsement and application of negative beliefs and feelings about people with substance use disorders and applying them to the self) among people living with substance use disorders.

stigma-and-hiv-disparities

Stigma and HIV Disparities Model

In collaboration with Drs. Laura Bogart, Jack Dovidio, and David Williams, I developed the Stigma and HIV Disparities Model to describe how societal stigma related to race and ethnicity is associated with racial/ethnic HIV disparities via its manifestations at the structural level (e.g., residential segregation) as well as the individual level among perceivers (e.g., discrimination) and targets (e.g., internalized stigma).